Salivary Fluoride Bioavailability after Brushing with Brazilian Red Propolis Dentifrice: A Clinical Study.

INTRODUCTION: Fluoride plays an important role in the control of dental caries, and currently new dentifrices are being associated with natural products. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the availability of fluoride in saliva samples after using a dentifrice incorporated with Brazilian red propolis (BRP, INPI Patent no. BR1020170110974) and to compare it to a conventional fluoridated dentifrice in healthy participants. METHODS: This study was conducted implementing a double-blind, randomized, controlled, and crossover design. Saliva samples of participants were collected at the following time points: 0 at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after brushing with each dentifrice. Salivary fluoride concentrations showed no statistically significant difference when comparing the two treatments (p > 0.05). All available fluoride concentrations in saliva decreased after one hour, with no significant difference between BRP and conventional fluoridated dentifrice treatment samples (p > 0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that there was no difference between the analyzed fluoride concentrations 1 hour after brushing with the different dentifrices. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the propolis incorporated in the dentifrice did not interfere with the kinetics and bioavailability of the fluoride ion in saliva samples, enabling its integration with the pharmaceutical formula and thereby promoting its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits without compromising the anticaries activity of the formulation.

The biofilm inhibition activity of a NO donor nanosilica with enhanced antibiotics action.

Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a promising antibacterial agent, where NO donor compounds have been explored. Here, we investigated the role of a silica nanoparticle containing nitroprusside (MPSi-NP) as a NO donor agent against methicillin-sensitive (ATCC 25,923 and ATCC 12228) and methicillin-resistant (ATCC 700,698 and ATCC 35984) Staphylococcus strains. Biofilm inhibition was studied along with antibiotic activity in combination with standard antibiotics (ampicillin and tetracycline). MPSi-NP exhibited thermal release of 63% of NO within 24 h, while free nitroprusside released only 18% during a dialysis assay, indicating an assisted release of NO mediated by the nanoparticles. This nanomaterial showed only a moderate activity in blocking biofilm production, but exhibited a significant decrease in the number of viable bacterial cells (over 600-fold for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 700,698 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984). Remarkably, even using MPSi-NP at concentrations below any antibacterial action, its combination with ampicillin promoted a significant decrease in MIC for resistant strains of S. aureus ATCC 700,698 (2-fold) and S. epidermidis ATCC 35,984 (4-fold). A carbopol-based gel formulation with MPSi-NP (0.5% w/w) was prepared and showed a zone of inhibition of 7.7 ± 0.6 mm for S. epidermidis ATCC 35984. Topical use of MPSi-NP in combination with antibiotics might be a manageable strategy to prevent and eventually treat complicated resistant bacterial infections.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Propolis-Containing Varnish in Children: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

Dental caries is a sugar-dependent condition common in childhood, which causes microbiological imbalance in dental biofilm. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of a 2.5% Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) dental varnish to prevent caries in children. Seventy-five children with high caries risk, aged between 36 and 71 months and with no caries, were assigned to three groups to receive varnish treatment containing 2.5% BRP, 1% chlorhexidine, or 5% fluoride. The varnish was applied to the occlusal surfaces of the deciduous second molars on the first day of treatment (D1), after 90 days (D90), and 180 days of the start of treatment (D180). Saliva was collected to assess S. mutans before each varnish application and 180 days at the end of treatment (D360). Values were expressed in log10 (CFU/mL). Statistics were performed by applying repeated measures of variance analysis, Tukey's multiple comparisons test, and paired t-test. In the first dilution (1 : 10), there was microbial load reduction at the following periods: BRP in D0-D90 (p < 0.05) and D0-D180 (p < 0.01); fluoride in D0-D90 (p < 0.001); and chlorhexidine in D0-D180 (p < 0.05). In the second dilution (1 : 100), there was microbial load reduction in the groups at the following periods: BRP in D0-D90 (p < 0.05) and D0-D180 (p < 0.01); fluoride in D0-D180 (p < 0.05), and chlorhexidine in D0-180 (p < 0.01) and D0-360 (p < 0.05). The 2.5% BRP dental varnish was effective in decreasing S. mutans colonies in saliva when used within 90 days.

Clinical and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Dental Varnish in Children: A Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological efficacies of (C. langsdorffii) dental varnish in children at high risk of dental caries.. METHODS: This is a longitudinal, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ninety high-risk caries-free children (ICDAS II = 0) were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: C. langsdorffii, chlorhexidine, or fluoride. The varnishes were applied on the second deciduous molars for three times: baseline (D0), after 90 days (D90), and after 180 days (D180). Saliva was collected on D0, D90, D180, and D360 to evaluate S. mutans reduction. Statistics were carried out by ANOVA, Tukey's test, and the paired t-test. RESULTS: Copaiba varnish demonstrated significant S. mutans reduction: D360 versus D0 (p < 0.0001), D180 versus D0 (p < 0.001), D360 versus D90 (p < 0.001), D180 versus D90 (p < 0.001), and D360 versus D180 (p < 0.05). Chlorhexidine varnish significantly reduced S. mutans at D180 versus D0 (p < 0.05). Fluoride reduced at D180 versus D0 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Three annual applications of this varnish showed substantial antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and caries prevention for up to 12 months.

Microbiological evaluation of an experimental denture cleanser containing essential oil of Lippia sidoides.

The antimicrobial activity of an experimental solution containing essential oil of Lippia sidoides for denture cleaning was evaluated by (1) minimum inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal/bactericidal concentration (MFC/MBC) tests against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomona aeruginosa; (2) the metabolic activity of C. albicans biofilm formed on flat-bottom microplates and denture base specimens based on the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); and (3) scanning electron microscopy, to evaluate the fungal biofilm morphology. The solution showed antimicrobial action against the pathogens tested (C. albicans - MIC and MFC: 19.53 µg ml-1, S. aureus - MIC and MBC: 78.12 µg ml-1, P. aeruginosa - MIC: 625 µg ml-1, MBC: 2,500 µg ml-1), reduced the metabolic activity of C. albicans biofilm up to 97%, and caused cell wall damage at low concentrations (195.3-390.6 µg ml-1) and in short time periods (20 min). Therefore, the experimental solution has the potential to be used as an alternative in the prevention and treatment of denture-induced infections.

Effect of an aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco on the adiposity of Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet / Efecto del extracto acuoso de Chrysobalanus icaco sobre la adiposidad de ratas Wistar alimentadas con una dieta alta en grasas

OBJECTIVE: the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chrysobalanus icaco on adiposity and its mechanism of action in the gene and protein expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a key enzyme in lipogenesis. METHOD: Wistar rats were divided into a regular or control group (CG) and a high-fat diet (HFD) group. HFD was treated with saline or aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) for four weeks. Body weight and food intake were assessed. Subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipose tissue samples were collected and weighed. Adipocytes from periepididymal tissue were isolated and analyzed. The gene and protein expression of ACC in subcutaneous tissue was determined. RESULTS: AECI showed no effect on intake or body weight. However, the weight of the fat pads and the gene and protein expression of ACC were lower, and glucose tolerance was improved. CONCLUSION: the aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco proved beneficial for the treatment of obesity, preventing fat storage and improving glycemic homeostasis

OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos del extracto acuoso de Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) en la adiposidad y su mecanismo de acción en la expresión génica y proteica de la acetil-CoA-carboxilasa (ACC), una enzima clave para la lipogénesis. MÉTODOS: se usaron ratones macho Wistar que se asignaron a una dieta estándar de control (CG) o a una rica en grasa (HFD). La HFD se trató con solución salina o con extracto acuoso de Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) durante cuatro semanas. Se evaluaron el peso corporal y el consumo alimentario. Se aislaron y analizaron muestras de tejido adiposo subcutáneo, retroperitoneal y periepididímico. Se determinó la expresión génica y proteica de ACC en el tejido subcutáneo. RESULTADOS: el AECI no mostró ningún efecto sobre la ingesta de alimento y tampoco sobre el peso corporal. Sin embargo, el tratamiento con AECI redujo el peso de los tejidos adiposos y la expresión génica y proteica de ACC, y mejoró también la tolerancia a la glucosa. CONCLUSIÓN: Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) resultó ser beneficioso para el tratamiento de la obesidad, previniendo el almacenamiento de grasa y mejorando la homeostasis glucémica

Effect of an aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco on the adiposity of Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chrysobalanus icaco on adiposity and its mechanism of action in the gene and protein expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a key enzyme in lipogenesis. Method: Wistar rats were divided into a regular or control group (CG) and a high-fat diet (HFD) group. HFD was treated with saline or aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) for four weeks. Body weight and food intake were assessed. Subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipose tissue samples were collected and weighed. Adipocytes from periepididymal tissue were isolated and analyzed. The gene and protein expression of ACC in subcutaneous tissue was determined. Results: AECI showed no effect on intake or body weight. However, the weight of the fat pads and the gene and protein expression of ACC were lower, and glucose tolerance was improved. Conclusion: the aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco proved beneficial for the treatment of obesity, preventing fat storage and improving glycemic homeostasis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos del extracto acuoso de Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) en la adiposidad y su mecanismo de acción en la expresión génica y proteica de la acetil-CoA-carboxilasa (ACC), una enzima clave para la lipogénesis. Métodos: se usaron ratones macho Wistar que se asignaron a una dieta estándar de control (CG) o a una rica en grasa (HFD). La HFD se trató con solución salina o con extracto acuoso de Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) durante cuatro semanas. Se evaluaron el peso corporal y el consumo alimentario. Se aislaron y analizaron muestras de tejido adiposo subcutáneo, retroperitoneal y periepididímico. Se determinó la expresión génica y proteica de ACC en el tejido subcutáneo. Resultados: el AECI no mostró ningún efecto sobre la ingesta de alimento y tampoco sobre el peso corporal. Sin embargo, el tratamiento con AECI redujo el peso de los tejidos adiposos y la expresión génica y proteica de ACC, y mejoró también la tolerancia a la glucosa. Conclusión: Chrysobalanus icaco (AECI) resultó ser beneficioso para el tratamiento de la obesidad, previniendo el almacenamiento de grasa y mejorando la homeostasis glucémica.

Nitro-imidazole-based ruthenium complexes with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Inflammation is a physiological process triggered in response to tissue damage, and involves events related to cell recruitment, cytokines release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Failing to control the process duration lead to chronification and may be associated with the development of various pathologies, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Considering the pharmacological potential of metal-based compounds, two new ruthenium complexes were synthesized: cis-[Ru(NO2)(bpy)2(5NIM)]PF6 (1) and cis-[RuCl(bpy)2(MTZ)]PF6 (2), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 5NIM = 5-nitroimidazole and MTZ = metronidazole. Both products were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, followed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations in order to support experimental findings. Afterwards, their in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were investigated. Compounds 1 and 2 presented expressive in vitro antioxidant activity, reducing lipid peroxidation and decreasing intracellular ROS levels with comparable effectiveness to the standard steroidal drug dexamethasone or α-tocopherol. These complexes showed no noticeable cytotoxicity on the tested cancer cell lines. Bactericidal assay against metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori, a microorganism able to disrupt oxidative balance, unraveled compound 1 moderate activity over that strain. Besides this, it was able to inhibit interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) production as well as interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. This latter activity is remarkable, which has not been reported for other ruthenium-based complexes. Altogether, these results suggest cis-[Ru(NO2)(bpy)2(5NIM)]PF6 complex has potential pharmacological application as an anti-inflammatory agent that deserve further biological investigation.

Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Brazilian Red Propolis Containing-Dentifrice in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of dentifrice containing brazilian red propolis (BRP) in adolescents under orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods. This is a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. A total of 92 participants free from caries were randomized into 2 groups; the first received fluoride dentifrice, and the second received fluoride dentifrice incorporated with BRP. The gingival bleeding index (GBI) was recorded, and saliva was collected on the baseline (D0) and after 28 days (D28) for microbiological analysis. Data from GBI and Colony Forming Units (CFU) (log10) were expressed as mean and standard deviation. RESULTS: The two groups reduced GBI significantly, with no difference in the intergroup analysis. In the intragroup analysis, it was observed that G2 (p < 0.001) had a significant reduction for Gram-negative bacteria, while there was significance (p < 0.001) had a significant reduction for Gram-negative bacteria, while there was significance (S. mutans bacteria, it was observed that only G2 had a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.001) had a significant reduction for Gram-negative bacteria, while there was significance (p < 0.001) had a significant reduction for Gram-negative bacteria, while there was significance (. CONCLUSIONS: Dentifrice containing BRP demonstrated better clinical and microbiological activity. Future studies are needed to better identify effects to establish the use of dentifrice containing propolis in biofilm control.

Pharmacological Characterization and Raman Spectroscopy Evaluation of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-Related Carnoy´S Solution Modified by Different Viscosity Agents.

BACKGROUND: There are several lesions of odontogenic and non-odontogenic origin in the oral cavity, such as odontogenic keratocyst, as well as many treatment options for such lesions. In order to reduce recurrence due to conservative treatments and less aesthetic and functional impairment of the patient (radical therapies), Carnoy's solution has been used as an adjuvant to surgery, showing satisfactory results. Its application is not standardized, presenting risks to adjacent tissues. Thus, we characterized the Carnoy's solution with different viscosity agents to enhance its applicability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All solutions prepared (Carnoy with and without chloroform) were added with viscosity agent: ethyl cellulose, propylene glycol, and glycerol totaling eight solutions. The pharmacological characterization of the solutions was performed by determining the mass density and relative density (using a clean and dry pycnometer), pH (using pH meter), and concentration of Fe3+ (using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy). The analyses of the inorganic components were determined by Raman micro spectrometry. Data were analyzed with statistical program BIOESTAT 5.3. RESULTS: Solutions with ethyl cellulose were discarded due to precipitate formation and suspension of the viscosity agent. In the other solutions, viscosity increase (propylene glycol solutions) and acidic pH were observed mainly in the glycerol group. The ferric chloride characterized as a hemostatic agent had its concentration increased with the use of thickening agents, theoretically favoring its action. CONCLUSION: The similarity of the propylene glycol and glycerol molecules justifies the Raman spectra of these substances to be similar and the difficulty in obtaining a "fingerprint".
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Dose-response evaluation of a copaiba-containing varnish against streptococcus mutans in vivo.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is the most prevalent disease in humans and its incidence is particularly high during childhood. The use of medicinal plants is a common practice in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the optimal antimicrobial concentration of Copaifera langsdorffii (copaiba) oil-resin, in the form of dental varnish, against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in children. METHODS: Twenty-four children, caries-free, aged until 6 years old, were selected to participate in this study. The varnish was applied to the occlusal surfaces of all deciduous molars. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed in saliva, whose collection was conducted in two phases: before applying the copaiba varnish and after use to verify the instantaneous effectiveness of Copaifera langsdorffii dental varnish in the reduction of S. mutans. The microbiological analysis was repeated twice, establishing dilutions of 1:10 mL and 1:100 mL. RESULTS: Comparisons between different times within the same dilution were carried out by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) associated with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Comparisons of conditions prior to and after treatment were performed using the t test for paired samples and it indicated that the 1% formulation promoted a more significant decrease in the number of S. mutans colonies (p = 0,0026). CONCLUSION: Copaiba oil-resin, in the form of dental varnish, has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans in all the concentrations studied. Further studies to identify the long-term activity and anticaries effect of this varnish are required to establish its use in caries prevention.

Cashew apple fiber prevents high fat diet-induced obesity in mice: an NMR metabolomic evaluation.

Dietary fiber intake plays an important role in the prevention of obesity. This study aimed at investigating the effect of cashew fiber without low molecular weight compounds (CABwc) on obesity prevention and metabolomics in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Mice were fed a chow diet (CD), a high-fat diet (HFD) or a high-fat diet supplemented with CABwc (10%) (HFD-CABwc) for 15 weeks. The body weight, abdominal fat, serum glucose levels, insulin and lipid profiles, satiety hormones such as leptin and ghrelin, digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase, and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, and adiponectin were measured, in addition to performing serum and hepatic tissue analyses. The metabolomic analysis was based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of serum and feces. The effects observed with ingestion of CABwc were appetite control and prevention of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, as well as the prevention of the inflammatory process and reduction of liver injury caused by the HFD. In addition, NMR evidenced the presence of SCFAs in serum and feces of mice fed with HFD-CABwc. These findings suggest that CABwc promoted satiety in mice, improving the metabolism of glucose and lipids. Positive effects of obesity prevention may be associated with SCFA production.

Residual volume in vials of antibiotics used in pediatrics.

OBJECTIVE: Quantifying residual volume contained in vials of antibiotics used in pediatrics. METHOD: This is an experiment involving samples from vials of antibiotics used in a pediatric hospital. Residual volume was identified by calculating the difference in weight measurement before and after the vials were washed. Evaluation of the residual volume difference in the vials was determined by the Wilcoxon non-parametric test for a sample and established at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: 105 samples of antibiotics were selected. The correct use of the antibiotics oxacillin (88.57%) and ceftriaxone (94.28%) predominated with low residual values. The same did not occur for procaine benzylpenicillin + potassium benzylpenicillin, since a greater residual volume was discarded in 74.28% of the vials. CONCLUSION: We highlight the need for improvements in managing antibiotics in the institution under study, so that the excess volume of the antibiotics in the vials is used within the acceptable stable time. It is also necessary that the disposal of the residual volume be adequately disposed, since it presents a risk to public health and the environment. OBJETIVO: Quantificar o volume residual contido em frascos-ampola de antibióticos utilizados na pediatria. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um experimento com amostras de frascos-ampola de antibióticos utilizados em hospital pediátrico. O volume residual foi identificado calculando-se a diferença da aferição do peso antes e após a lavagem do frasco-ampola. A avaliação da diferença dos volumes residuais nos frascos-ampola foi determinada pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon para uma amostra e estabelecido o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionadas 105 amostras de antibióticos. Predominou o correto aproveitamento dos antibióticos oxacilina (88,57%) e ceftriaxona (94,28%), com baixos valores residuais. O mesmo não ocorreu com a benzilpenicilina procaína + potássica, pois em 74,28% dos frascos houve descarte de volume residual superior. CONCLUSÃO: Destaca-se a necessidade de melhorias na gestão dos antibióticos na instituição em estudo, para que o volume excedente do antibiótico em frasco-ampola seja aproveitado até o tempo de estabilidade permitido, assim como é necessário que haja a adequação da forma de descarte do volume residual, que apresenta risco à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente.

Farmácias Vivas: caracterização de marcadores químicos ativos para avaliação da qualidade da matéria-prima, intermediário e fitoterápico à base de cidreira (Lippia alba), Quimiotipo II / Live Pharmacies: characterization of active chemical markers for evaluation of the quality of raw material, intermediate and phytotherapeutic based on bushy matgrass (Lippia alba), Chemotype II

A cidreira (Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown), quimiotipo II, é referidapopularmente como cidreira carmelitana, rica em óleo essencial(limoneno e citral) e foi selecionada pelo Comitê Estadual de Fitoterapiapara integrar o elenco de plantas medicinais de uso nas Farmácias Vivasdo Estado do Ceará, fazendo parte da Relação de Plantas Medicinais-REPLAME/CE (Portaria 275/2012), como terapia complementar àscrises de ansiedade e insônia de leves a moderadas. Vários estudostêm relatado ações farmacológicas do citral - uma mistura de dois isômeros: trans-geranial e cis-neral – especialmente atividade sedativa.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a caracterização destes marcadores químicos ativos para avaliação da qualidade da matériaprima,intermediário e fitoterápico à base de cidreira (Lippia alba),Quimiotipo II. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em: 1) Caracterização macro e micro morfológica das folhas de L. alba;2) Extração do óleo essencial 3) Preparação do Elixir de L. alba a 8%; 4) Análises por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrômetro de Massas (CG-EM)e Cromatografia em Camada Delgada. Observou-se que a metodologia utilizada pode ser aplicada nos trabalhos de rotina de controle de qualidade de L. alba, quimiotipo II, tanto para caracterização macro e micromorfológica da espécie, como para caracterização do marcadoresquímicos ativos do óleo essencial (citral/neral e geranial). Observouse,ainda, que as técnicas utilizadas para obtenção do extrato fluido edo elixir extraíram estes constituintes ativos do óleo essencial, os quais influenciam na qualidade e atividade destas preparações. O elixir de cidreira pode representar uma alternativa terapêutica simples, segura e de baixo custo para o SUS, em consonância com a Política Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos.

Amyrins from Protium heptaphyllum Reduce High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice via Modulation of Enzymatic, Hormonal And Inflammatory Responses.

Obesity remains a global problem. In search of phytochemicals that have antiobesity potential, this study evaluated α,ß-amyrin, a triterpenoid mixture from Protium heptaphyllum, on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Groups of mice (n = 8) were fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet, and were orally treated or not treated with either α,ß-amyrin (10 or 20 mg/kg) or sibutramine (10 mg/kg) for 15 weeks. Variables measured at termination were body weight, visceral fat accumulation, adipocyte surface area, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and lipoprotein lipase expressions in adipose tissue, the levels of plasma glucose and insulin, the satiety hormones ghrelin and leptin, the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase, and the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, interleukin-6, and MCP-1. Results showed that α,ß-amyrin treatment resulted in lower high-fat diet-induced increases in body weight, visceral fat content, adipocyte surface area, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and lipoprotein lipase expressions, and blood glucose and insulin levels. Additionally, the markedly elevated leptin and decreased ghrelin levels seen in the high-fat diet-fed control mice were significantly modulated by α,ß-amyrin treatment. Furthermore, α,ß-amyrin decreased serum TNF-α and MCP-1. These results suggest that α,ß-amyrin could be beneficial in reducing high-fat diet-induced obesity and associated disorders via modulation of enzymatic, hormonal, and inflammatory responses.

Residual volume in vials of antibiotics used in pediatrics / Volumen residual de antibióticos en frascos-ampolla utilizados en pediatría / Volume residual de antibióticos em frascos-ampola utilizados na pediatria

Abstract OBJECTIVE Quantifying residual volume contained in vials of antibiotics used in pediatrics. METHOD This is an experiment involving samples from vials of antibiotics used in a pediatric hospital. Residual volume was identified by calculating the difference in weight measurement before and after the vials were washed. Evaluation of the residual volume difference in the vials was determined by the Wilcoxon non-parametric test for a sample and established at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS 105 samples of antibiotics were selected. The correct use of the antibiotics oxacillin (88.57%) and ceftriaxone (94.28%) predominated with low residual values. The same did not occur for procaine benzylpenicillin + potassium benzylpenicillin, since a greater residual volume was discarded in 74.28% of the vials. CONCLUSION We highlight the need for improvements in managing antibiotics in the institution under study, so that the excess volume of the antibiotics in the vials is used within the acceptable stable time. It is also necessary that the disposal of the residual volume be adequately disposed, since it presents a risk to public health and the environment.

Resumen OBJETIVO Cuantificar el volumen residual contenido en frascos-ampolla de antibióticos utilizados en pediatría. MÉTODO Se trata de un experimento con muestras de frascos-ampolla de antibióticos utilizados en hospital pediátrico. El volumen residual fue identificado calculándose la diferencia de la verificación del peso antes y después del lavado del frasco-ampolla. La evaluación de la diferencia de los volúmenes residuales en los frascos-ampolla fue determinada por la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para una muestra y establecido el nivel de significación del 5%. RESULTADOS Fueron seleccionadas 105 muestras de antibióticos. Predominó el correcto aprovechamiento de los antibióticos oxacilina (88,57%) y ceftriaxona (94,28%), con bajos valores residuales. Lo mismo no ocurrió con la bencilpenicilina procaína + potásica, pues en el 74,28% de los frascos hubo descarte de volumen residual superior. CONCLUSIÓN Se destaca la necesidad de mejorías en la gestión de los antibióticos en la institución en estudio, a fin de que el volumen excedente del antibiótico en frasco-ampolla se aproveche hasta el tiempo de estabilidad permitido, así como es necesario que haya la adecuación de la manera de descarte del volumen residual, que presenta riesgo a la salud pública y al medio ambiente.

Resumo OBJETIVO Quantificar o volume residual contido em frascos-ampola de antibióticos utilizados na pediatria. MÉTODO Trata-se de um experimento com amostras de frascos-ampola de antibióticos utilizados em hospital pediátrico. O volume residual foi identificado calculando-se a diferença da aferição do peso antes e após a lavagem do frasco-ampola. A avaliação da diferença dos volumes residuais nos frascos-ampola foi determinada pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon para uma amostra e estabelecido o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS Foram selecionadas 105 amostras de antibióticos. Predominou o correto aproveitamento dos antibióticos oxacilina (88,57%) e ceftriaxona (94,28%), com baixos valores residuais. O mesmo não ocorreu com a benzilpenicilina procaína + potássica, pois em 74,28% dos frascos houve descarte de volume residual superior. CONCLUSÃO Destaca-se a necessidade de melhorias na gestão dos antibióticos na instituição em estudo, para que o volume excedente do antibiótico em frasco-ampola seja aproveitado até o tempo de estabilidade permitido, assim como é necessário que haja a adequação da forma de descarte do volume residual, que apresenta risco à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente.

The Resin from Protium heptaphyllum Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice: Scientific Evidence and Potential Mechanisms.

Herbal compounds rich in triterpenes are well known to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism and to have beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. The present study investigated the antiobesity properties of resin from Protium heptaphyllum (RPH) and the possible mechanisms in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Mice treated with RPH showed decreases in body weight, net energy intake, abdominal fat accumulation, plasma glucose, amylase, lipase, triglycerides, and total cholesterol relative to their respective controls, which were RPH unfed. Additionally, RPH treatment, while significantly elevating the plasma level of ghrelin hormone, decreased the levels of insulin, leptin, and resistin. Besides, HFD-induced increases in plasma levels of proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were significantly lowered by RPH. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed that RPH could significantly inhibit the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (measured by Oil-Red O staining) at concentrations up to 50 µg/mL. These findings suggest that the antiobese potential of RPH is largely due to its modulatory effects on various hormonal and enzymatic secretions related to fat and carbohydrate metabolism and to the regulation of obesity-associated inflammation.

The efficacy of three formulations of Lippia sidoides Cham. essential oil in the reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with caries: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.

Essential oils of many plants have been previously tested in the treatment of oral diseases and other infections. This study was a randomized, double-blind, in parallel with an active control study, which aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three formulations of the Lippia sidoides Cham. essential oil (LSO) in the reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with caries. 81 volunteers, aged 6-12 years, both genders, with caries, were recruited to participate in this study, and randomly assigned to either one of five different groups. Each group received topical treatment with either 1.4% LSO toothpaste, 1.4% LSO gel, 0.8% LSO mouthwash, 1% chlorhexidine gel, or 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. A 5-ml volume of each gel was placed inside disposable trays, and applied for 1 min, every 24h, for 5 consecutive days. The mouthwash groups used 5-ml volume of a mouthwash inside disposable syringes. In the toothpaste group, children brushed their teeth for 1 min, once a day for 5 days. Saliva was collected before and after treatment. MS colonies were counted, isolated and confirmed through biochemical tests. Differences in MS levels measured in different days within the same treatment group was only verified with LSO toothpaste, chlorhexidine gel and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Comparison between groups of LSO mouthwash, toothpaste and gel showed that the toothpaste group expressed significantly lower MS levels than the mouthwash and gel groups at day-30. Chlorhexidine significantly reduced MS levels after 5 days of treatment, but these levels returned to baseline in other periods of the study. LSO toothpaste reduced MS levels after 5 days of treatment, and MS levels remained low and did not return to baseline during subsequent analysis. Hence, LSO toothpaste demonstrated the most long-lasting MS reduction in saliva, whereas other LSO formulations did not effectively reduce MS levels in children with dental caries.

Effect of a novel essential oil mouthrinse without alcohol on gingivitis: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial

Several different plant extracts have been evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens and for reduction of gingivitis. Given that a large number of these substances have been associated with significant side effects that contraindicate their long-term use, new compounds need to be tested. The aim of this study was to assess the short-term safety and efficacy of a Lippia sidoides ("alecrim pimenta")-based essential oil mouthrinse on gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque. Fifty-five patients were enrolled into a pilot, double-blinded, randomized, parallel-armed study. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo a 7-day treatment regimen with either the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse or 0.12 percent chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The results demonstrated decreased plaque index, gingival index and gingival bleeding index scores at 7 days, as compared to baseline. There was no statistically significance difference (p>0.05) between test and control groups for any of the clinical parameters assessed throughout the study. Adverse events were mild and transient. The findings of this study demonstrated that the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse was safe and efficacious in reducing bacterial plaque and gingival inflammation.

Effect of a novel essential oil mouthrinse without alcohol on gingivitis: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Several different plant extracts have been evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens and for reduction of gingivitis. Given that a large number of these substances have been associated with significant side effects that contraindicate their long-term use, new compounds need to be tested. The aim of this study was to assess the short-term safety and efficacy of a Lippia sidoides ("alecrim pimenta")-based essential oil mouthrinse on gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque. Fifty-five patients were enrolled into a pilot, double-blinded, randomized, parallel-armed study. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo a 7-day treatment regimen with either the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse or 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The results demonstrated decreased plaque index, gingival index and gingival bleeding index scores at 7 days, as compared to baseline. There was no statistically significance difference (p>0.05) between test and control groups for any of the clinical parameters assessed throughout the study. Adverse events were mild and transient. The findings of this study demonstrated that the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse was safe and efficacious in reducing bacterial plaque and gingival inflammation.